How to change sentences into ...

How to change sentences into Interrogative & Negative

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AIOU B.A. Assignment, Autumn 2013

1424, Autumn 2013

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Assignment # 1,

Q. 1. Answers to the questions

1. What is descriptive essay? Ans. See page 6 of your text book.
2. What is a compare and contrast essay? Ans. See page 6/bottom
3. What is a cause and effect essay? Ans. See page 7

Q. 2. Read the following three short texts and identify which one is a descriptive, compare and contrast and cause and effect text.

Ans.

1. Is a cause and effect text,
2. Is a descriptive text,
3. Is a compare and contrast text.

Q. 3. Write a descriptive paragraph on cultural event of Pakistan.

Ans. Write from your assignment page 2, para about Urs of Syed Ali bin Usman Hajveri.

Q. 4. Exercise # 6, from page 53

Ans. The first Mughal king was Babur who was born in Ferghana in 1483. Babur was a descendant of Genghis Khan and Taimur. In 1526, Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhic. So, the Mughal Empire started its long reign in 1526 and lasted until 1857.

Q. 5. A Day in the life of a Car Mechanic

A car mechanic’s life is very hard. He usually gets up late as he keeps awake till late. When he gets up, he starts his day’s work. He cleans his tools. He sweeps before his shop. Then he is ready to do his job. During his day’s work, he meets with different customers. He checks the motor vehicles brought to him. He solves the problem and gets his wages. Sometimes, he puts cheap quality tools and charges big prices from his customers. He is usually late for his lunch. It is because if he is busy with work, he can’t fine to have his lunch timely. Dealing with different people and setting cars right, he stops his work late at night. In this way his day’s work ends and he takes a rest.  

Q. 6. Filling in the Table

Date and place of birth	March 23, 1923, Shikarpur.
Profession	Lawyer
B. A. from …. .and year….	D.J. College, Karachi, 1945.
LLB in year	1947/48
Started his career as a lawyer from… in year	Sukkur, 1952
Served as v/c of Sindh University from   to	Jan. 1976 to Jan. 1980.
Began writing poetry at the age of	17
Jailed first time in ….and second in …..	May 1971 to Jan. 1972
Died and buried at……	died in Karachi. Buried at Bhit Shah,
Sheikh Ayaz Chair established at …year….	Sindh University in 1998.

Q. 7. Answers to questions on pollution

1. Contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances, undesirable change in the air, water, and land is called pollution.
2. Smoke, traffic, and burning of oils etc. are the causes of air pollution.
3. Water pollution takes place when it rains and water runs off industrial areas etc and joins the rivers and sea.
4. They are; hydrocarbons, heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides etc.
5. Noise pollution damages the ear drums and causes loss of hearing. It also creates anxiety.

Q. 8. Exercise 10 from page 99

1. A lenient teacher is the one who is not very fussy. An easy-going teacher takes things as they come. He doesn’t crib about things such as doing homework on time or sitting quietly in the class.
2. I have experienced different kinds of teachers during my studies. I have seen lenient teachers and also strict ones. I have also seen funny teachers. I have experienced their different styles of teaching and I have always enjoyed their being what they are.

Q. 9. Causes and effects

1. If there is lack of rain in the country, crops will suffer.
2. If there is lawlessness in the country, there will be no peace, but crimes.
3. If girls get education, they will be more useful for the country.
4. If we save electricity, it will be better for the country.
5. If there is no rigging in the elections, honest people would be elected.

Q. 10. Exercise 8, from page 124

1. Mustafa works hard because he needs to earn money. Because he needs money, Mustafa works hard.
2. All the employees will have a party because it is the chairman’s birthday. Because it is the chairman’s birthday, all the employees will have a party.
3. DDT was banned in many countries because it is considered to be dangerous to animals and human beings. Because DDT was considered to be dangerous for animals and human beings, it was banned in many countries.
4. The car will not start because the battery is dead. Because the battery is dead, the car will not start.
5. The man was sent to prison because he robbed a bank. Because the man robbed a bank, he was sent to prison.

Q. 11. Exercise 11, from page 127

Mr. Salman was fired from job because there are three reasons. First, he was often absent from job. Second, he missed 30 working days last year. Then his personality was a problem. As a result of his strange personality, he was nasty to other employees. His performance was poor and at the same time, he did not follow the instructions of the boss. Consequently, he was sent home packing.

Assignment # 2

Q. 1. Compare and contrast exercise from page 152,

Aero-planes	Transition words	Helicopters
Aero planes have long slender bodies with wings	On the other hand	Helicopters are different in shape with one moving wing
They travel extremely fast	While	Helicopters have slow speed.
They need a lot of space to take off	Whereas	Helicopters don’t need much.
They take off horizontally and move in the forward direction only	Yet	Helicopters can take off and move in any direction.
They carry hundreds of passengers	but	Helicopters can carry only a few.

La Cuisine

Pappasallis

Q. 2. Exercise 4, from page 155

Kind of food	French food	Italian food
Dinning rooms	Clean and elegant	Clean and elegant
Meals’ quality, price, taste	Carefully prepared, tasty with reasonable price	Carefully prepared, tasty with reasonable price
Service	Excellent	Excellent
Behaviour of the staff	Friendly and polite	Friendly and polite
Timings	Open till late at night.	Open till late at night.

Q. 3. Exercise 8, from page 198, 99

Prediction words

1. Flag lowering ceremony
2. Two soldiers showing determination
3. Standing alert

Related words

i. Soldiers,     ii. Uniform,    iii. Arms/guns,   iv. Border area

Paragraph: This is the border area. Two soldiers are standing alert, facing each other. They look well-determined and dutiful. One of them is Indian and the other Pakistani. No go area is seen in the back-ground. A barrier is also seen behind them. This is the flag lowering ceremony which is done every evening.

Q. 4. Exercise 12, from page 207

Five Statements and guess

Statements	Guess
Wash with similar colours at 40 C	Dyeing shop
No parking	Along a busy road
Gone to lunch back in 20!	Shop
Dear Sir/Madam! I’m writing to you to complain about..	Complaint office/ box
Add two eggs and stir until the mixture is smooth.	Cooking recipe

Q. 5. Implied Meaning and Making Inferences

Ans. Good readers know how to read between the lines. They see something or read something and make out its meaning. Sometimes, the writer writes one thing and means the other. It is called implied meaning. For example, a teacher says to the class, pointing to the late comer, “Correct your watches”. He means to say that the boy is well late.

Making inferences is different from implied meaning. We see or read something and guess its meaning. This is making inferences.

Q. 6. Exercise No. 2, from page 224/225

Ans.

1. Tahira likes to draw.
2. School was very hard for Tahira in the beginning.
3. Slowly and carefully, Tahira went to the front of the class-room.
4. They were amazed at Tahira’s work.
5. She felt very glad.

Q. 7. i). Definition of Denotations and Connotations

1. Denotations refer to the literal or direct meaning of a word. It is the dictionary definition. For example, if you look up for the meaning of the word “snake”, in a dictionary, you will discover that its denotative or dictionary meaning is any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles, having a long tapering cylindrical body found in most tropical and temperate regions.
2. Connotation refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. Connotations are actually the implied meanings of a word.

ii. Categories of words

Positive	Negative	Neutral
Stylish	Stubborn, Arrogant
	Proud	Mysterious
	Giggle	Residence
Energetic	Misuse	Rational

Q. 8. Answering two questions

1. Benefits of reading newspaper: Newspapers give us the latest news. We can take them with us and read at any time of the day. We can learn about the educational, sports, agricultural news of it. We can also find entertainment news. We can also know precautions about weather. Then prices of commodities are given. Sometimes, timings of prayers are also given.
2. The main difference between the newspapers and TV is that one can watch live coverage on television which we can’t have on newspapers.

Q. 9. Buy and English newspaper and try the given topics yourself

Q. 10. Full words for acronyms

i. UN………….United Nations,    ii. OGDCL……Oil and Gas Development Co. Limited

iii. PNCA….Pakistan National Council of Arts,   iv. SHO…Station Head Officer,

v. PEMRA…..Pakistan Electronic Media Regulating Authority

Q. 11. Letter to editor about traffic mess in the city

Dear Editor,

The Waqt, daily, Lahore.

Sub: Traffic mess in our city

Traffic in our cities and towns is equally increasing day by day, causing serious problems and sometimes even fatal accidents. The same is here in our city Pattoki. Not to speak of rush hours only, there is a lot of traffic during day hours on almost all roads and streets of the city. One can’t imagine where does it come from.

The most sad aspect of the situation is that no traffic police officials are deputed on busy crossings. The result is that there is traffic jam for minutes and sometimes for hours, causing a lot of trouble for every body, on the road or at home waiting for their near ones and dear ones.

Through the columns of your esteemed paper, I would like to draw the attention of concerned authorities to  take necessary measure in this connection.

Faithfully yours,

________________________________________

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Pakistan Studies, B.A. 2014, (PU)

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Importance of English Language

Outline:

1. Introduction,             2. Some problems of the day,  

3. Causes of ________, 4. Effects of _______, 5. A big challenge, 6. Closing

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English is the most widely used language of the world. It is spoken and understood in almost all the countries of the world. Even in small islands of the world, it is spoken and understood. A great majority in Sri Lanka speaks The reasons of this widely spread and widely used language are as under;

        i.            English civilization is dominant in the present world.

      ii.            It has attained the status of international language. All diplomatic matters are conducted in this language.

    iii.            English is a also the medium of trade in the world. All business across the world is carried out in English.

   iv.            English is the second biggest language of the world.

     v.            Correspondence all over the world is done in English, mostly if not completely. Common people living in different countries understand and use this language very frequently.

   vi.            All the advanced sciences are taught and learnt in English.

 vii.            Mechanical language is English.

It is clear from the above discussion that English is very important in the modern world. Without any prejudice, we should put our heart and soul in learning it. Only in this way can we cope with the rapidly changing times.

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I Enjoy Winter Season, Do You?

I Enjoy Winter Season, Do You?

I Enjoy Every Season, do You?

         

Winter season is the season of death according to some English writers. It is because winter in European Countries is usually troubling. Birds die, trees and plants whither or die, colours disappear and there is only white colour every-where, where-ever you glance. Whistling of birds comes to an end. Thus, they believe that winter causes destruction in all directions and life seems to be frozen thereby.

Is it true? It may be true in your view and that of some others as well; yet I don’t have any view like that. On the other hand, I think this season, like other seasons of the year, has its own charms which we otherwise don’t find in other seasons.

I like all the seasons and hence the winter season. There may be known and some un-known reasons for my liking this season. I know that this season is particularly linked with dry fruit, hot boiled eggs, tea and coffee. Then colourful clothes we see in this season are not seen in other seasons. Warm clothes; including sweaters, pull-overs, coats, mufflers, caps and gaily coloured trousers or pants are seen in this season and they add to the beauty of the surroundings. Admitted that there is snow, lying thick in some of the countries, yet when there is snow or snow-fall, one can enjoy being together at home or a club or a restaurant.

The other peculiar thing about the winter season is its long nights. During summer, we usually get busy in worldly pursuits very much, ignoring our dear ones and near ones, waiting for us to be at home and enjoy our company. Then after day’s work, when you come back, you have little time to pay attention to the dear and near ones who might have been waiting for you to come and share their weal and woe. But, alas! You can’t have time, and you have to take rest as well.

I think, one must enjoy things around him. I am of the opinion, like William Davies that if you have no spare time, your life is futile, pointless and aimless. 

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